What condition is described by a distinct period of elevated and irritable mood, possibly with hyperactivity?

A manic episode is characterized by a distinct period of elevated mood, which can manifest as increased energy levels and irritability. During this phase, individuals often experience hyperactivity, racing thoughts, and decreased need for sleep, among other symptoms. The mood change is significantly different from their usual baseline and can affect their functioning, possibly leading to impulsive behaviors or poor decision-making.

In contrast, a depressive episode involves low mood and loss of interest or pleasure, an adjustment disorder relates to difficulty coping with a specific stressor, and schizophrenia includes symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. These conditions do not encompass the distinctive features of elevated mood and hyperactivity characteristic of a manic episode, making the identification of this period crucial in understanding mood disorders, specifically bipolar disorder.